Like so many holiday traditions, the origins and progression of Groundhog Day to what we think of it today as are a bit murky.  However, we’ll try to shed some light on the subject, starting with the day of the year.  Groundhog Day is celebrated on February 2nd because it is approximately halfway between the winter solstice (Northern hemisphere), when the Sun is at its southernmost point in the sky, and the March/vernal equinox, when the Sun is in the same plane as the Earth’s equator, making day and night approximately equal length.

Much like that there was a Celtic “end of autumn” celebration called Samuin (also called Samhain), that is the root of Halloween, there was around this halfway point (approximately on February 1st), a Celtic festival called Imbolc (also called Imbolg) which was simply a celebration of the start of spring.  Whether this festival was the direct root of Groundhog Day isn’t completely clear, but certain elements of it do come into play.

During Imbolc, the celebrants would feast, have bonfires, purify themselves, and practice divination.  Among the things they’d try to divine was the weather, including using badgers and serpents to help them try to predict said weather, watching to see if badgers and serpents were about, or still in their dens.  This is referenced in various Gaelic songs, such as in this snippet (translated):

The Day of Bride, the birthday of Spring,
The serpent emerges from the knoll,
‘Three-years-olds’ is applied to heifers,
Garrons are taken to the fields.

As happened with the Samuin festival that gave rise to Hallowmas and Halloween, the Catholic Church’s attempt to replace Samuin, the church also seems to have attempted to replace Imbolc with Candlemas on February 2nd, 40 days after Christmas. (Although some argue that Candlemas was an attempt to replace other festivals, like the Roman feast of Lupercalia, though there is a much stronger correlation and evidence pointing to the church attempting to replace Lupercalia with what is now Valentine’s Day, rather than Candlemas).

As mentioned, Imbolc was not just a feast, but also a purification / fire festival, which may or may not have given rise to Candlemas being centered around the burning of candles. Also, the end of this 40 day period would have been the end of the Jewish law purification period for Mary after having given birth to Jesus. (Of course, December 25th was chosen by the church for Christmas to replace pagan celebrations, with the actual birth day of Jesus still hotly debated among theologians, even recently by Pope Benedict XVI who stated in his book, Jesus of Nazareth: The Infancy Narratives, that he thinks even the year commonly used today is wrong, not just the day.)

In certain areas, Imbolc was also celebrated as the festival of the goddess Brigid (goddess of summer), and in a similar fashion, an attempt at replacement included a feast day on February 1st to the Catholic Saint Brigit of Kildare, who some scholars believe never actually existed at all, just made up specifically for the feast day as the first documented evidence of her didn’t pop up until well after her death.

While some of the similarities between Imbolc and Candlemas in theme were very likely intentional (such as the fire / candle and purity aspects), others were probably not. Soon after Candlemas was established, the former tradition of weather prediction began being associated with Candlemas.  For instance, in this little snippet from an old Candlemas song:

If Candlemas day be dry and fair,
The half o’ winter to come and mair,
If Candlemas day be wet and foul,
The half of winter’s gone at Yule.

Similar to how during Imbolc we know they looked for signs of certain animals like snakes and badgers (and possibly others) emerging from their winter homes as a means of predicting weather, other peoples throughout Europe also looked for signs of animals that hibernate as a way to predict the weather.  This is why in some regions the day of Candlemas is also called “The Day of the Bear” or “The Day of the Badger”.

As to what these animals coming out of their dens means in terms of predicting weather, this has varied from people to people.  For a specific example, with the practice of watching for bears, in some regions if the bear was seen (or there was just good weather on that day), that means spring is just around the corner, while in other regions good weather on that day meant the bear would be frightened by its shadow and retreat back into its den, expecting more winter weather.

Not that either of those things makes that much sense, but the latter seems to have its origins in the Celtic legend of Cailleach the hag (also known as Beira, Queen of Winter). In the legend, Cailleach is a seasonal deity, ruling the winter months, whereas the aforementioned goddess Brig / Brigid / Brighde rules the summer months.  If the weather is nice on February 1st, it means that Cailleach is out gathering firewood as she is going to make winter last longer.  If the weather is bad, she’s staying indoors and thus will run out of firewood and so winter will be shorter.

So now we’re getting closer to the “tradition of checking to see if a rodent did or didn’t see their shadow”.  While in some places people started using bears during Candlemas as the predictive measure for weather, in other regions, such as Germany, badgers and hedgehogs were used.  In France, marmots were their animal of choice, and in England, hedgehogs.  The one we’re principally concerned with here is the German tradition.

In the German tradition: “The Badger peeps out of his hole on Candlemas Day and when he finds snow walks aboard; but if he sees the sun shining he draws back into his hole.”  This tradition was brought over to the Americas via the Pennsylvania Dutch.  In America, though, instead of using badgers, they settled on using the groundhog.  Why a groundhog?  Probably because it was extremely prevalent and it hibernates.

This all gave rise to the first known Groundhog Day in the U.S. celebrated in Pennsylvania in 1841.  The first documented reference to this also includes the groundhog / shadow tradition, as stated in a February 4th, 1841 diary entry by a Berks County storekeeper, James Morris:

Last Tuesday, the 2nd, was Candlemas day, the day on which, according to the Germans, the Groundhog peeps out of his winter quarters and if he sees his shadow he pops back for another six weeks nap, but if the day be cloudy he remains out, as the weather is to be moderate.

So that’s how Groundhog Day got its start.  You might be wondering at this point just how accurate these rodents are at predicting weather using the above “shadow” tradition.  Turns out, not very…  The most famous of all groundhogs on Groundhog Day, Punxsutawney Phil, who supposedly has been predicting weather since 1887 (in truth groundhogs only live about 3-6 years in the wild and 10-14 in captivity, so he’s been replaced many times over the years) only has been accurate about 39% of the time.  According to a Canadian study looking at 13 different cities’ groundhogs used for their respective festivals, the net accuracy was only 37%.

If you liked this article and the Bonus Facts below, you might also like:

• Interesting Honey Badger Facts
• Interesting Facts About Snakes
• The Author of “Mary Had a Little Lamb” was Largely Responsible for the American Thanksgiving Holiday and the Traditions Associated With It
• The Pilgrims Did Not Celebrate the First Thanksgiving in America
• Why Black Cats are Considered Bad Luck

Bonus Groundhog Day Facts:

• The name “Punxsutawney” comes from the Delaware Indian’s name for the region “ponksad-uteney” meaning “town of the sandflies”.
• The name “woodchuck” for goundhogs doesn’t come from them tossing around wood, but rather from the Native American legend of “Wojak”, who was a groundhog.
• The biggest Groundhog Day celebration occurs in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania with peak crowds at the celebration reaching as high as 40,000 people, with the 1993 movie Groundhog Day playing a large role in helping this become the #1 Groundhog Day celebration.  Ironically, the movie was not filmed in Punxsutawney, but rather in Woodstock, Illinois.
• While it’s never explicitly stated in the movie Groundhog Day how many days Bill Murray’s character experiences while caught in the loop, according to one of the screenwriters of the film, Danny Rubin, it was approximately 10,000 years, though only about 23 days of that span were represented in the movie itself.  BING!
• Punxsutawney Phil lives most of the year at the Punxsutawney Library and is only taken to Gobbler’s Knob to emerge from his climate controlled burrow for the Groundhog Day celebration.
• As to why a specific Groundhog in Punxsutawney was chosen, the story goes (take it with a grain of salt, in terms of whether this is actually how it happened) that the editor of the Punxsutawney Spirit newspaper, Clymer H. Freas, was inspired by a groundhog hunt and ensuing barbeque, with the hunters looking to determine the weather, that he went on.  He then helped formed the Punxsutawney Groundhog Club and started promoting the club’s Groundhog as the official groundhog of Groundhog Day in the newspaper, as well as their little celebration.  This caught on and has grown to the semi-major festival it is today.
• Instead of Groundhog Day, Texas has Armadillo Day (since 2010), using an Armadillo to predict the weather on February 2nd.
• A groundhog is a rodent in the family of Sciuridae, which is a subset of marmots.  They primarily eat various forms of vegetation, which is also how they consume most of their water, rather than drinking it.  They also sometimes eat various insects, slugs, and other such small creatures.
• When burrowing, groundhogs can move over 700 pounds (over 300 kg) of dirt to make their underground homes.
• Groundhog hibernation tendencies vary depending on the region they live.  They usually create separate winter burrows for hibernating, dug deep below the frost-line to help keep the temperature of their burrow fairly constant.  They can hibernate anywhere from October to April (6 months) to as little as 3 months, depending on the climate in their region.  The colder the region, the longer they hibernate.
• While groundhogs in captivity tend to appear cuddly and friendly, their natural state is anything but.  As one zookeeper, Dough Schwartz, stated, “They’re known for their aggression… [Their] natural impulse is to kill ’em all and let God sort ’em out. You have to work to produce the sweet and cuddly.”
• There were two other seasonal festivals held by the Celtic people besides Samuin and Imbolc.  The other two were Beltane, held around May 1st marking the beginning of summer, and Lughnasadh, a harvest festival held on August 1.