The Many Myths Surrounding Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin said humans descended from monkeys. Darwin coined the term “survival of the fittest.” Darwin was the first person to theorize evolution as the origin of species. Darwin did not believe in God. Darwin played shortstop for the New York Yankees. These are just few of the common myths that are associated with Charles Darwin. (Well, maybe not playing for the Yankees.) But, as with the Yankees myth we just created, the rest are also all false. Here is the truth about a few of the Darwin myths so prevalently repeated.
Myth #1. Charles Darwin said humans descended from monkeys.
The common mocking rhetorical question related to this one is “If evolution says we descended from monkeys then why are there still monkeys?”
In Charles Darwin’s 1871 science-altering book The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, the great naturalist and scientist mused on his theory of evolution. While he attempted to draw connecting lines between humans, monkeys, apes, he never explicitly said that humans descended from monkeys. Instead, he referred back to On the Origin of Species, in which he said,
Analogy would lead me one step further, namely, to believe that all animals and plants have descended from one prototype. But analogy would be a deceitful guide. Nevertheless, all living things have much in common, in their chemical composition, their germinal vesicles, their cellular structure, their laws of growth and reproduction.
Darwin’s main musing here was that all living things perhaps descended from one thing, including humans and monkeys. More to the point, he believed that humans and monkeys came from a common ancestor, with humans and monkeys having something more akin to a cousin relationship, than a parent/child one. All that being said, we now know that humans are more directly related to apes. In fact, humans and apes have more common, gene pool-wise, than monkeys and apes.
Myth #2. Darwin was an unknown scientist before On the Origin of Species.
Darwin’s On the Origin of Species struck a chord when it was released in late 1859. But prior to that, he was already well respected in the scientific community. Peers described him as an “accomplished naturalist” (from Andrew Murray’s 1860 review of the book) and “ANY contribution to our Natural History literature from the pen of Mr. C. Darwin is certain to command attention” (Samuel Wilberforce, 1860). There’s a reason all 1,250 copies of the first print of On the Origin of Species sold the first day.
It was as early as 1836 that Darwin started getting attention for his work when his mentor, John Stevens Henslow, started telling others of Darwin’s studies. Darwin wrote many books and pamphlets prior to On the Origin of Species, including Journals and Remarks published in 1839 (basically a memoir about his Beagle travels) and The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs (a much more narrow writing about coral reefs). While they weren’t as highly read nor as revolutionary as his more well-known works, they were thought of as scientifically significant within the community and helped establish his reputation.
Myth #3. Darwin was the first to publish a book about evolution.
Despite the common misconception that Darwin is solely responsible for discovering evolution, that is not the case. The idea of evolutionary biology was not by any means a new one, with theories that touch on evolution going all the way back to at least the 7th century BC. Much more recently, in the early 19th century, there was a very popular theory of evolution proposed by Catholic scientist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. However, Darwin took a slightly different approach than Lamarck, suggesting that entirely different species could share a common ancestor, a so-called branching model, rather than a “ladder” model that was so popular in some scientific circles before.
In another example, fifteen years prior to Darwin’s published work, building somewhat on Lamarck’s work, there was Robert Chambers’ Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation. Published in 1844 originally anonymously, it talked of ideas like “stellar evolution” – that stars change over time – and “transmutation,” that species change from one form to another.
Later, Darwin would cite Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation in the first edition of On the Origin of Species, then again in the sixth edition, when he praised the book for its forward thinking,
In my opinion it has done excellent service in this country in calling attention to the subject, in removing prejudice, and in thus preparing the ground for the reception of analogous views.
Myth #4. Scientists across the world largely dismissed Darwin’s theories initially.
Sure, some did not agree with Darwin’s theories, including Charles Hodge who was among the first to associate Darwinism with atheism, “If a man says he is a Darwinian, many understand him to avow him- self virtually an atheist ; while another understands him as saying that he adopts some harm-less form of the doctrine of evolution. This is a great evil.”
But many praised, agreed, and admired Darwin and his findings, as exemplified by this glowing statement (from Wilberforce), “a beautiful illustration of the wonderful interdependence of nature—of the golden chain of unsuspected relations which bind together all the mighty web which stretches from end to end of this full and most diversified earth.”
Additionally, this anonymous review appeared on Christmas Eve 1859 in the Saturday Review, “When we say that the conclusions announced by Mr. Darwin are such as, if established, would cause a complete revolution in the fundamental doctrines of natural history.”
Myth #5. Darwin coined the term “survival of the fittest.”
During this era of Victorian scientific study, nothing was written, studied, or read in a vacuum. This was certainly the case when Herbert Spencer coined the phrase “survival of the fittest,” which he did after reading Darwin’s thoughts on evolution. Freely admitting that this was based on Darwin’s theories, he wrote in his 1861 book Principles of Biology, “This survival of the fittest, which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms, is that which Mr Darwin has called natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life.”
Returning the favor, Darwin gives credit to Spencer for providing a much more “accurate” and “convenient” phrase to his own principles, writing in the sixth 1872 edition of On the Origin of Species,
I have called this principle, by which each slight variation, if useful, is preserved, by the term Natural Selection, in order to mark its relation to man’s power of selection. But the expression often used by Mr. Herbert Spencer of the Survival of the Fittest is more accurate, and is sometimes equally convenient.
Myth #6. Darwin was an atheist.
Confronted with these questions while he was still living, he passionately denied being an atheist in correspondence, letters, and even his own autobiography. Instead, he said, “I have never been an atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God. – I think that generally … an agnostic would be the most correct description of my state of mind.” As a scientist, he was smart enough to know not to draw conclusions when the data was lacking. In that same letter, he also admits that his “judgement fluctuates.” Even one of the greatest scientists in history was flummoxed by the question of God and a greater presence.
There is also a myth out there that he recanted evolution on his deathbed and “returned” to Christianity. This is not true and, beyond creating a dichotomy where one didn’t necessarily exist in Darwin’s mind, has been denied several times by Darwin’s descendants. To Darwin, religion and evolution weren’t mutually exclusive. This brings us to our final myth.
Myth #7: From the beginning, it has been almost universally evolution vs. creation.
While certainly the likes of the Church of England and certain other religious groups had issues with Darwin’s theories, largely centered around the timetables involved (millions of years, rather than less than about 6,000 years), this type of religious contention was hardly the norm initially, with the “creation vs. evolution” battle being more of a relatively modern widespread phenomenon. (This is similar to the relatively recent Big Bang vs. Christianity battle, when in truth it was a Catholic priest, and probably the greatest scientist of the 20th century you’ve never heard of, who came up with the theory that would evolve into the Big Bang. Ironically, it was initially rejected out of hand by many scientists precisely because it seemed to correlate strongly with Christian views of the origin of the universe. Many scientists accused the priest in question of allowing his religious views to cloud his scientific judgement, despite that his ideas were backed by a whole lot of mathematical and scientific evidence, resulting in Albert Einstein declaring, “This is the most beautiful and satisfactory explanation of creation to which I ever listened,” after hearing the priest’s lecture on the topic.)
Back to evolution, in truth, many among the clergy saw no problems with Origins of the Species, and the debate among various branches of Christianity over the idea of evolution often mirrored the types of debate going on in secular circles. Some major Christian groups even simply abstained from taking an official stance- this was something for science to figure out if there was validity in the theories, as it didn’t inherently contradict many religious views. For instance, the Catholic church never banned the work, unlike so many other works they felt even hinted at going against established Catholic doctrine. (See: Galileo and Why He was Convicted of Heresy)
More recently, many popes have discussed the topic, including Pope Pius XII who stated that there was no conflict between evolution and Catholicism. Even more recent than that, Pope Francis noted in 2014:
[God] created beings and allowed them to develop according to the internal laws that he gave to each one, so that they were able to develop and to arrive and their fullness of being. He gave autonomy to the beings of the universe at the same time at which he assured them of his continuous presence, giving being to every reality. And so creation continued for centuries and centuries, millennia and millennia, until it became which we know today, precisely because God is not a demiurge or a magician, but the creator who gives being to all things… The Big Bang, which nowadays is posited as the origin of the world, does not contradict the divine act of creating, but rather requires it. The evolution of nature does not contrast with the notion of creation, as evolution presupposes the creation of beings that evolve.
If you liked this article, you might also enjoy our new popular podcast, The BrainFood Show (iTunes, Spotify, Google Play Music, Feed), as well as:
- One of the Greatest Scientists of the 20th Century You’ve Probably Never Heard Of
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- It ain’t necessarily so … – The Guardian
- HUMAN EVOLUTION FROM DARWIN TO DOVER: WHAT A LONG STRANGE TRIP IT’S BEEN by Louise Mead – Smithsonian
- Darwin, C. R. to Wallace, A. R. 5 July [1866] – Darwin Correspondence Project
- On the Origin of Species By Means of Natural Selection by Charles Darwin – Project Gutenberg
- Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work – Project Gutenberg
- Vestiges of the natural history of creation – Archives.org
- Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation – Wikipedia
- What did Darwin believe? – Darwin Correspondence Project
- The Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art, Volume 8
- Charles Darwin – Wikipeida
- Wilberforce, Samuel. 1860. Review of “On the origin of species” – Darwin Online
- The Principles of Biology By Herbert Spencer – Archives.org
- The Descent of Man by Charles Darwin – Archives.org
- The Literary and Cultural Reception of Charles Darwin in Europe edited by Thomas F. Glick, Elinor Shaffer
- The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, Or, The Preservation of … By Charles Darwin
- On the Origin of Species – Wikipedia
- Darwin, C. R. 1872. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life – Sixth Edition – Darwin Online
- Ten Myths about Charles Darwin – Oxford Journal
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@Scott: Thanks, fixed! 🙂
1. Most of the organs and tissues in the human (or other animal’s) body function as part of a system. How did they evolve separately? The heart would provide no advantage without the lungs, vessels and arteries, likewise the intestines are worthless without the stomach, the eardrum useless without the hearing centers in the brain, etc etc. So these could not have come about as a result of random mutations unless each system of parts mutated into existence all at once, or each part was selected by itself even though it provided no advantage when it formed before the other parts of the system.
2. If animals exist in breeding populations but for the most part all species are uniform in major characteristics (head, liver, stomach, etc), how did all of these characteristics jump from one breeding population to another? Each change would require that every organism in that species eventually be a descendant of the organism in which the change occurred in order for the change to “stick”. And most species share the same major organ systems and other body parts. This would mean all the evolution that produced the brain, heart, lungs, feet, hands, etc would have to have happened in one small population of some organism, then all the evolution to diversify species would have to happen, and then there would have to be no more major changes to body structure either during this differentiation of species or over the ensuing millenia.
3. It’s not as simple as having one small change that increases survivability. First, in order for one small mutation to make a difference enough to be selected, all other organisms in a population must already be on a level playing field, and second there can be no other simultaneous mutation in that organism that is detrimental or it would counteract the increased survivability of the good mutation
It’s fairly obvious to see that birds with longer beaks in a certain population would get more food and over time you would tend in that population of birds to have longer and longer beaks. What is a lot harder is to see how a dinosaur turns into a bird etc
There is also the fact that a bird’s feathers, hollow bones, etc. would be useless without the instincts that tell them how to fly. And the fact that none of this explains the great diversity of stationary trees and plants.
As far as why are there still monkeys, I think it is a valid point considering Darwin thought “SURVIVAL of the fittest” was a succinct way to describe his theory. The way evolution happens is supposed to be for more fit species to survive and less fit to die. If they all survive then it’s not survival of the fittest.
Evolution is maybe the start of a interesting theory of nature. But it’s pretty far from an explanation of the origin of all of the species on Earth.
grab a high school book and read chapter evolution cause buddy u did not GET IT RIGHT!!!
These are such incredibly naive misconceptions that it would take several pages to explain what is wrong with them. However, I shall try to be succinct.
1. The organs and tissues evolved together from very, very simple beginnings. Take, for example, the lancet, which is pretty much the most basic of proto-vertebrates. It doesn’t have a heart. The most primitive organisms just have blood vessels, with a small swelling which does the pumping. The heart is ultimately the result of a complicated twisting and swelling of this part of the blood vessels. In many lower forms of life, you would not even recognize it as a heart. They have no lungs, because they do not breathe air. Oxygen passes through the skin by diffusion. As species grow in size, more complex forms of gas exchange evolve, always one slight increment at a time. And, of course, the heart is evolving in tandem.
2. As a matter of fact, all members which carry the same gene ARE descended from a single ancestor – assuming that the mutation didn’t arise twice, which often happens. For example, simple calculations will show that, 20 generations ago (roughly 500 years), you would have had 10, 995,116 ancestors. Of course, you didn’t. There was a tremendous amount of inbreeding. And no, all the changes which lead to the heart etc. would not have originated in one small population. Go back to what I said in the first paragraph.
3. No, there does not need to be a level playing field. Evolution does not advance by favouring a specific gene in one organ, and then go on to favour a gene in another. All facets of an animal evolve together. Also, feathers existed before there was flight. They were almost certainly an adaptation for insulation, but they predisposed the owner to develop flight. Flight and its instincts evolved together.
4. The reason there are still monkeys is that every species of monkey has its own niche, as do the apes and humans. They live in the trees and eat fruit because human beings can’t do it.
The Bible says God created Adam, and from one of Adams ribs Eve. Since that is the truth, and they were created to be human, and in the image of God, complete in every way, how can you say survivle of the fitest could even happen. God created man to be pefect, and they were until they ate from the tree of knowledge. So where does that leave room for evaloution?
@Anita Harris: It does say that about Adam and Eve, though the rib part is a bit of a mistranslation as we’ve written about previously here. And one could argue about the “perfect” part, merely free from the knowledge of good and evil until the fruit was eaten. Hence, they could not sin other than by eating the fruit, as that was the only restriction laid before them and sin by its very definition is simply going against God’s will; at that point, they only knew one thing that God did not want them to do and were oblivious to good and evil otherwise. If they were truly perfect, presumably they would not have eaten the fruit, knowing their creator told them not to.
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But getting back on track, this doesn’t necessarily say how exactly creation was achieved. This is the reason why the Pope, and others, say it doesn’t conflict with the Bible. In fact, the order of events doesn’t even conflict (necessarily)- plant life, sea-life/flying animals, land animals, man. There’s also the fact that Cain went off and lived with other humans. The Bible does not explain where these came from. It’s also not clear how long these 7 “days” (some think better translated as “events”) took. And, of course, if you go by the Biblical dating, Adam and Eve lived only about 6K years ago. So, if you’re assuming the Bible is completely correct and complete on the creation story, either Adam and Eve were created very recently in history, long after other humans, or there is a lot of missing information. Then there’s also considering what would have been easier- explaining to humans several thousand years ago about the intricacies of evolution and genetics and having them include all that, or just saying “created”? Considering I think most Christians don’t think God was trying to have authored a science text, rather a religious guide, in the works included in the Bible, no real point in including such details.
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Whatever you believe about it, you can see why many Christians through the theory of evolution being presented up until the last century or so, and the Catholics from the beginning, have had no major problem with evolution. Even for those who did have a problem with it historically, the key sticking point was generally just the whole 6K years thing, but few really find that much of an issue any more. For most today, the problem is more the fact that they were taught it was incorrect, with a lot of confirmation bias thrown in over the years. We humans are notoriously bad at changing our thinking, especially when something is taught as a child and believed for many years after, even in the face of overwhelming evidence. God himself in all his glory could say from a booming voice in a blinding cloud in the sky, heard and seen all around the world at the same time, that evolution is how man came to be, and there would be a not insignificant number of Christians who would then simply reject that it was God.
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This isn’t a knock on said Christians, just kind of a knock on how the human brain works with such things. No one is immune to this type of thing. No one. You’ll get the same type of response when you tell people things like that the tongue doesn’t have taste zones. This should be ridiculously obvious to anyone with a tongue that has working taste buds, even not knowing the intricacies of how the tongue works; but seriously, go read the comments on that article. 😉 People were taught that the tongue has taste zones when they were young and, despite that they don’t only taste salt, bitter, etc. on associate specific places in their tongue, they still believe in the tongue taste zone map, even when presented with the scientific evidence of how taste buds work and how they are distributed throughout the tongue. Humans, right? 🙂
Daven,
Thank you. All this time I thought I was the only one.
GC
Bring forth with thee every living thing that is with thee, of all flesh, both of fowl, and of cattle, and of every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth; that they may breed abundantly in the earth, and be fruitful, and multiply upon the earth.
Tell me how all manners of creature can breed abundantly on earth and be fruitful without some form of adaptation. Also from man sinned and was cursed (my scientific equivalent: mutated). It sounds crazy but isn’t completely groundless. Hear me out.
Our somatic cells (the cells that are part of our body) suffer occasional mutations as they divide. These mutations can kill or damage cells, which is annoying but not generally a big problem as we can make more. However, the worst mutations do something much more dangerous: they help cells to survive and proliferate. That’s how you get cancer. Because this risk accumulates over time, cells are normally allowed only a limited number of divisions before they undergo cellular senescence, that is, they die. But the genes that cause cellular senescence can also stop working. So that’s one of the ways in which we get old: our somatic cell lineages get older, damaged and mutated, and some become cancerous.
That said cell viability is odd as it should allow for immortality as is the de facto case with animals such as certain jellyfish, flatworm, and lobster (well maybe not truly…for the lobster, but we don’t have much prove otherwise yet either). In each of these cases especially the jellies the cell viability is something of intrigue because there cells work in the purest of forms without the mutations mentioned above. (Though lately disease [but not old age] is effin up these lobstas… Sorry I digress). Further studies indicate somatic cells are genetically designed to do the same, sadly mutations are rampant in said cells and a link is still being investigated as to which mutations are causing these imperfect and non advantages processes such as aging. Damage to the protective ends of DNA is one proven factor (sadly as I write I forget what it’s called) as those with longer (whatever it was again) are observably less prone to contracting diseases and live longer
(Generally, but correlation isn’t causation and I’m just a failed bioengineer, so I’m literally not even scratching
the surface of knowledge pertaining to immortal cells, all my cell cultures keep dying when I 3d print them before I can get proper effin Angiogenesis) Sorry for that last blurb. but yeah, plenty of room left for evolution, and devolution, because sometimes our cells just eff up and sometimes, the do some pretty cool adapting to compensate or fix it.
…You probably won’t read this all though 🙁
Well, you are a theist who believes we are creations. First thing I want say is Sir Albert Einstein is a non believer of god. Most theist used him for promotion of their religion.
reason: Bible says one who believes there is no god is a fool. Albert Einstein is real genius and the world knows that. So they twisted the truth and started telling he is a theist. Other atheists are bill gates, mark zuckerberg, Stephen hawking. Are they fools? If you say yes,you are fooling yourself. Many scientists declined his theories because they don’t want to say we are the advanced breed of apes or it is against their religion. His researches made him atheist. No theists can still break evolution. Only theists says we are creation of god. One who believes god is the answer for unanswered question is a fool. If you research on it you become Einstein, Stephen hawking or bill gates. Hope you wont delete my comment
lol Person, Einstein though not religious can be quoted to say “I am not an atheist” and prefered to call himself an agnostic or a “religious nonbeliever.”
He also mentioned once to say God exist or doesn’t is “most difficult in the world” a question that could not be answered “simply with yes or no.” He conceded that, “the problem involved is too vast for our limited minds.”
A brilliant man will tell you when they don;t know. A fool will believe they are right when the are wrong, and a brilliant fool will be right and never know it.
Ancient Zen wisdom offers the following comment relative to this thread: “the foolish believe what they think and not what they see, the wise believe what they see, and not what they think.” – Master Huangbo Xiyun, (died in 850 BCE) All scientific advance is predicated on this approach, yet it has also humbled the greatest scientific minds in human history. Linus Pauling is a perfect example – (one of only 5 two-time Nobel Prize winners, by the way) and arguably far smarter than Einstein. Intelligence does not preclude error due to biased or fallacious reasoning. Smart people don’t cling to preconceived ideas when faced with contradictory evidence.