For much of the early history of photography smiling in photographs was almost unheard of for various reasons. (See: When Did People Start Smiling in Photographs?) Despite this, a photo of a Chinese man, dubbed by the masses on the internet, “the happiest man in China”, occasionally makes the rounds purporting to be of a 19th century Chinese man who unabashedly displays a wide, toothy grin for the camera. This, in addition to the man’s remarkably photogenic appearance and near flawless smile, has naturally led many to dismiss the photo as fake- seemingly just a picture someone recently took and digitally touched up to appear like a photo from the 19th or early 20th centuries. So is the “happiest man in China” photo a fake and who is the smiling man?

As for the latter question, very unfortunately, nobody knows. We do, however, know the photo is genuine and how it survived through today. Officially titled “Eating rice, China” (and originally captioned “Chinaman eating rice”), the picture is one of originally 143 photographs (105 of which can be seen here) collated by famed sinologist (more or less “expert on China”) Berthold Laufer who, in 1904, returned from a landmark three year trip to the Orient with about 7,500 objects intended to showcase the day to day life of the average Chinese individual at the time.

As to this little adventure, Laufer, who did not take a camera with him, was sent on behalf of the American Museum of Natural History. According to a 1902 letter written by anthropologist Franz Boas, the main objective of the expedition was to

bring together collections which illustrate the popular customs and beliefs of the Chinese, their industries, and their mode of life… to bring out the complexity of Chinese culture, the high degree of technical development achieved by the people, the love of art, which pervades their whole life, and the strong social ties that bind the people together.  In bringing together collections bearing upon these points of view, we desire to illustrate the needs of the Chinese and the products of their industries.  These will demonstrate the commercial and social possibilities of more extended intercourse. We also wish to imbue the public with greater respect for the achievements of Chinese civilization.  Our object has not been to bring together a collection of Chinese works of art- this matter belongs more properly to the scope of an art museum- but to emphasize the general characteristics of Chinese culture…

The ulterior motive here, as alluded to in the letter, was to explore the potential for various business dealings with China, which is how the museum and Laufer got banker Jacob H. Schiff to fund the expedition; Schiff was partnered with various businessmen including railroad magnate E.H. Harriman, former senator Calvin Brice, and J.P. Morgan, all of whom were looking to expand their business dealings into China.

Over the course of his travels, Laufer set about collecting literally thousands of random objects he felt were representatives of Chinese culture and life, resulting in, as the museum itself notes:

an extensive collection of representative objects used in daily life, agriculture, folk religion, medicine, and in the practice of such crafts as printing, bookbinding, carpentry, enamelware, ceramics, and laquerware.

Laufer also collected numerous musical instruments, costumes, articles of clothing as well as wax cylinder recordings of traditional Chinese songs and plays. Due to his interest in Chinese theatre, he also ended up returning to the States with the “most extensive collection of Chinese puppets in North America including shadow puppets, rod puppets, and glove puppets in several regional styles”.

It’s not clear where Laufer acquired many of the objects he collected, though in most cases it appears he simply bought the items either from antique dealers or the market stalls found in the hutongs of major cities.

Although Laufer would claim in a letter home that during his journey “there is no path I do not walkover, no cave I do not enter”, in reality he spent the majority of his time in Peking and despite repeated request from the Museum to interview actual Chinese people, tended to gather his quotes from books.

This all brings us back to the photos he acquired during his trip. As he didn’t take a camera with him, it is thought that Laufer himself didn’t take any of the pictures he sent back to the museum.  The approximately 143 photographs he did collect were largely purchased from unknown sources, with the American Museum of Natural History admitting that many of the photos Laufer found “are known to be widely-distributed images available for purchase at the time”.

Among these images depicting various facets of Chinese life and culture is the aforementioned unknown happy man eating rice. According to the museum, the photo is, as previously noted, a genuine picture from the turn of the century and in their opinion was likely taken between 1901 and 1904- the dates of Laufer’s trip.

While it’s sometimes claimed that the man was having his photo taken at Laufer’s request in order to demonstrate the eating of this staple of the Chinese diet, there is no documented evidence that this is actually the case. Further rumors that the man struck his happy pose as he had no knowledge of etiquette in photography at the time can likewise not be substantiated by any documented evidence we can find. All we can definitively say based on available evidence is that the photo isn’t part of some elaborate internet ruse, it was taken sometime around the end of the 19th or early 20th centuries, and it was collected by Laufer and sent back to the American Museum of Natural History during his 1901-1904 expedition.

If you liked this article, you might also enjoy our new popular podcast, The BrainFood Show (iTunes, Spotify, Google Play Music, Feed), as well as:

• The Story Behind the Man Who was Killed in the Famous “Saigon Execution” Photo
• Why Did Old Timey Boxers All Pose For Photos the Same Way?
• Why People Stuck One Hand in Their Jackets in Old Photographs
• Who was the Woman in the Famous Great Depression Photograph?
• J.P. Morgan and His Giant, Knobbly, Purple Nose