Why is Toilet Paper Always White?
Toilet paper is an odd thing. Despite the fact that we often rub it against one of the most sensitive parts of our bodies on a daily basis, very little thought is ever given to where it came from or how it’s made. (On that note, it might surprise you to learn that toilet paper wasn’t commonly used in the United States until the early 20th century and even later in many countries.)
In the U.S., coloured toilet paper to match one’s bathroom décor was all the rage in the mid-20th century, with the popularity peaking in the 1970s and then gradually waning until today, when, outside of gag-shops, you’d be hard-pressed to find a roll of coloured toilet paper. So why is this the case?
There are several reasons, but one of the primary reasons toilet paper is white is the same reason most toilets are, simply that white toilet paper looks cleaner than the natural brown-ish colour the paper is before it’s bleached. If toilet paper was the original brown hue, on a purely aesthetic level, would you use it? Or, perhaps more aptly, would you prefer it over the white variety? The consensus among toilet paper makers, like Kimberly-Clark who rang in on this issue, is that people consistently choose the white. One can only assume they’ve done extensive marketing studies to back that notion up, but even without access to those studies, it makes intuitive sense.
That said, there are other factors at play as well. For starters, white isn’t just an aesthetic choice, the white colour of toilet paper is usually achieved by bleaching the paper and this can make the paper much softer. Why? The bleaching process can be used to remove lignin, a polymer in wood that to some extent functions as a “glue” to hold the fibers together and makes the tree more rigid. As Dr. Hou-Min Chang of N.C. State University in Raleigh said, “Without lignin, a tree could only grow to about 6 ft. tall.”
Besides the added softness, removing lignin also adds a significant amount of shelf-life to the paper. For example if you’ve ever seen an old newspaper, you may notice that the paper starts to yellow as it ages; this yellowing is due to the presence of lignin in the newspaper. Obviously toilet paper that yellows over time, especially unevenly, isn’t going to fly off the shelves.
So that’s partially why many toilet paper manufacturers bleach the toilet paper in the first place, but why don’t they still colour it in many countries? There are a variety of reasons ranging from environmental impact of the dyes; potential for irritating certain people’s skin, along with other negative health factors; and increased time of decomposition of the toilet paper, which is particularly a problem when using a septic system.
Of course, things like environmental impact and potential health issues never stopped them from bleaching the TP in the first place, or adding many other chemicals to increase desirable attributes of toilet paper, which have many of the same drawbacks. It also hasn’t stopped companies from adding such dyes to other product if it will increase sales, despite any negative impact.
So while those are definitely factors in favour of leaving out the dyes, the primary reason here probably has more to do with the extra cost. To make up for this, they’d need to charge a little more for the dyed version. If this would have the potential to increase sales, they’d no doubt start making coloured toilet paper tomorrow. But as people today already generally prefer the white, the extra expense probably isn’t going to get customers to buy more, unless they used some pretty clever marketing. But even then for a product like this, it would be a stretch unless it really was a superior product compared to the white version. So add it all up, and there’s not enough incentive for the toilet paper makers to manufacture such an alternative to the now standard white variety.
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Bonus Facts:
- Approximately 10 million trees per year are used to make the world’s supply of toilet paper. People in the United States on average use approximately 50% more toilet paper per person than other Western nations, primarily due to the reluctance of Americans to adopt water washing systems like bidets.
- Due to environmental concerns, not all manufacturers use the same bleaching process. For example, Seventh Generation claims that lignin isn’t a problem for them since their product is created from 100% recycled products. That said, they still have to whiten the toilet paper a bit to make it more uniformly coloured. They whiten their toilet paper using hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydrosulfate, rather than the less environmentally friendly chlorine that many other manufacturers use.
- So Why Is Toilet Paper White Anyway?
- Why is Toilet Paper White: The Ultimate Toilet Paper Guide
- Where Did All the Colored Toilet Paper Go?
- Why Do Old Newspapers Turn Yellow Over Time?
- Lignin
- Toilet Paper
- Survey of Chemical Substances in Consumer Products
- All About the Color WHITE
- In the News: Bring on the Beige … Toilet Paper?
- Scrapbook Tips and Techniques
- How Toilet Paper is Made (Video)
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re: “For example if you’ve ever seen an old newspaper, you may notice that the paper starts to yellow as it ages; this yellowing is due to the presence of lignin in the newspaper. ”
i’d love to read your reference on this because i believe it is not true. i think the yellowing in paper is the result of sulfuric acid used in the paper making process.
@Richard Williams: The references are below the article. That particular bit of information was from a couple sources, one of which being Wikipedia, which in turn cited this textbook as the source of that information.
thank you. i found more info.
The primary causes of paper deterioration are oxidation and acid hydrolysis. Oxidation attacks cellulose molecules with oxygen from the air, causing darkening and increased acidity. In addition, the lignin in groundwood paper breaks down quickly under the influence of oxygen and ultraviolet light. Lighht-induced oxidation of lignin is what turns newspaper yellow after a few days’ exposure to sunlight. (Light can also cause some printing inks to fade.)
In acid hydrolysis, the cellulose fibers are cut by a reaction involving heat and acids, resulting in paper that turns brown and brittle. The sources of acidity include lignin itself, air pollution, and reaction by-products from the oxidation of paper. Another major source is alum, which is often used with rosin to prepare the paper surface for accepting printing inks. Alum eventually releases sulfuric acid in paper.
http://www.icollectmovieposters.com/article/7/how_to_preserve_and_store_your_paper_collectibles/
@Richard Williams: Great stuff, thanks!
I remember and old joke:
All the body parts were arguing who should be the boss. When the S hole said he should be the boss all the body parts started laughing. So the S hole shut up and never said another word. Then the legs became wobbly, the eyes became teary, the stomach started cramping, the hands started shaking etc
When the pain became unbearable all the body parts agreed that the S hole should be the boss.
The S hole shit himself laughing
Daven Hiskey is correct. During my time as a Ph.D student in timber engineering, we were often reminded of this occurrence anywhere timber was used.
Time was when TP was often scented, too. That stopped in the late Seventies, I think, when the public suddenly noticed that the perfume can irritate the tender parts.
What about the most obvious answer, so you can see your bodily waste more clearly when you wipe?
I think that’s exactly the most obvious answer now that the production process has been perfected to the point that the obvious wasn’t so obvious before.
If your poop doesn’t show up on pale blue paper, you have other problems.
Walmart Canada, stocks lots of coloured toilet paper, red, blue, purple, green and pink.
Huh. I remember pastel colors of tp from when I was a kid: light pink, light blue, and yellow. here’s an interesting fact: Simon Cowell (American Idol)reportedly uses custom black toilet paper. Guess he can’t use the “wipe til the papers clean” test.
I remember when pastel TP disappeared. I was “bummed” for awhile. I got over it.
From 1970 to 1977, I worked part time at a grocery store in Maryland and we sold a lot of colored toilet paper, and quite a bit of it was scented also. We sold blue, purple, green, yellow, and peach as well as white tp as I remember. The two houses that I grew up in the mid 1950’s and 1960’s both had white toilets and fixtures so my mom usually bought white tp. When my parents retired to Florida in the late 1970’s, each of the 3 bathroom toilets was a different color. It was then that my mom started to buy colored tp to match each bathroom.
So what was westerners doing before 20th century?!